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This web site provides links to the National Library of Australia's documents and policies on the use of persistent identifiers. Related site links include digital object identifier, handle system, PURL Service and ARK PI scheme.
The Corporataion for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) has undertaken a Handle System project that assigns, manages, and resolves persistent identifiers for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. The Handle System is written in Java and can be downloaded at no charge for research or experimental use. CNRI promotes research in the public interest to further the design and implementation of selected infrastructure components for new computing and communications based applications. CNRI's web site provides links to their programs and activities, publications, and special interest topics.
The DOI Foundation, created in 1998, is a non-profit organization that supports the needs of the intellectual property community in digital environments by developing and promoting the Digital Object Identifier system as a common infrastructure for content management. The DOI web site provides access to a lengthy list of DOI papers, articles, and presentations on specific topics including applications data, digital preservation, graphics,learning objects, identifiers, digital journals and reference linking and other related topics.
The DOI Handbook Version 3.1 is published by the International DOI Foundation. The Handbook is intended to serve as the primary source of information for the DOI system. It is updated regularly and provides a central point for technical information on the DOI system. The Handbook provides an extensive overview of DOI, including definitions and the benefits of DOI to users. Other DOI topics covered include numbering, resolution, metadata, applications, policy and the DOI Foundation. The Handbook has six appendices, one of which includes an excerpt for the ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000 Syntax for the Digital Object Identifier. The other appendices cover the Handle System, DOI metadata and sector applications, Indecs Data Dictionary, DOI Resource Metadata Declaration and the DOI Kernel Metadata Declaration: XML Schema. A selected bibliography is also included in the Handbook.
This is OCLC's PURL Service web site which provides an explanation and definition of Persistent Uniform Resource Locator. The site contains links to further information and resources and links to instructions on interacting with PURLs.
This is the report of the second workshop on linking bibliographic citations to journal literature. The workshop was held in Boston on June 9, 1999, co-sponsored by NISO, the Digital Library Federation, the National Federation of Abstracting and Information Services, and the Society for Scholarly Publishing. The model for reference linking that developed from the first workshop was described briefly. The use of identifier schemes such as the BibCode and the DOI to ensure persistence was noted. The importance of the metadata in the reference databases that broker the requests for the full text is critical. Panel reactions to the model are outlined. Several schemes including PubRef, SFX-Links and the DOI are described. Recommendations for standards development are included.
This web site includes the workshop presentations, the workshop report, the organization structure for the Reference Linking Working Group established as a result of this meeting, the link to the report from that group and resources on linking from bibliographic to full text. This is the result of the workshop held February 11, 1999, sponsored by the National Information Standards Organization, the Digital Library Federation, the National Federation of Abstracting and Information Services, and the Society for Scholarly Publishing.
The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) as the sole system for locating information on the Web is analogous to naming a book by the shelf location. OCLC's experience shows that about 50% of the URL's created are deleted or renamed with the first six week after creation. The issues raised by this lack of persistence are discussed. The PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator) is described as a persistent identifier based on a managed URL. A PURL-based system is describe along with other alternatives under consideration.
The recent efforts to develop identifiers for networked information are put in the context of the long-standing practice of creating identifiers and citing other author's works in print. However, there is a new power in the ability to create "actionable" links between electronic documents. The major schemes for linking, the DOI (Digital Object Identifier), the SICI (Standard Individual Contribution Identifier), OCLC's Persistent URL, URLs and URN (Universal Resource Name) are described. Key questions to ask when reviewing an identifier system are presented.
This Meeting Report is from the July 24, 2000 CNRI meeting held in Reston, VA. Prior to this, primary and secondary publishers, libraries and other interested parties held meetings to discuss issues related to reference linking for journal articles. A model was worked out for name-based linking. However this did not address the "appropriate copy" problem. This meeting was called to work out a framework for localization and to develop a prototype service. Reviews of relevant developments since the earlier workshops were explained, a problem statement and discussion of options followed, and then the development of a proposed framework for the localization of services was presented.
This article discusses the advantages of building permissive, robust digital library systems and services as opposed to the traditional strict, but fragile systems. The permissive, robust approach has been applied to two related problems of reference in distributed information systems: robust hyperlinks (provides persistent reference to networked resources) and robust locations (references to changing sub-document resources). Robustness is achieved by providing multiple, independent descriptions across boundaries where change is likely to be uncoordinated. This approach provides for the possibility of putting together systems that have most of the desired properties and whose performance degrades gracefully with respect to those properties.
Minutes from a presentation by Dr. Robert Kahn, President, Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) at the CENDI meeting on March 14, 2000. Dr. Kahn expects that the information architecture of the future will be flexible enough to accommodate changing forms of creativity and open enough to allow for third-party, value-added services. It will also continue to be a distributed one. The components of the future information architecture will include a framework for digital objects, key aspects of distributed database access, semantics and knowledge-based systems, rights management, and multiple user interfaces. All of these technologies will operate with common repository designs, federated testbeds, and metadata standards. User interface will become more important. Privacy will be a pervasive issue Dr. Kahn also highlighted some of CNRI's activities. These include receiving a grant from DARPA to create a means of federating digital libraries of documents; building a system for registering for copyright, developing a system for music publishers, and building the metadata system for CrossRef.
The author presents several architectural principles for the deployment of networked information. These principles are: (1)Provide globally unique, persistent identifers for each information object; (2) View information objects as true digitial objects and make them self-describing; (3)Use wrappers such as XML to logically represent information resources; (4) Descriptive, technical and rights management information should be referenced in the metadata package; (5) Use wrappers to declare the availability of multiple content options; and (6) Use wrappers to allow for the repository, authentication and authorization services to be independently referenced. These prinicipals will make the discovery, retrieval and use of digital objects easier and also consistent with intellectual property rights (IPR).
CrossRef is an application of the Digital object Identifier(DOI) System which began as a cooperative effort among publishers and technologists to prototype DOI-based linking of citations in e-journals. This application has now evolved into an independent, non-profit enterprise. This article reviews CrossRef's progress and identifies some of the major challenges it will face in the future. Over 70 leading journal publishers are included in CrossRef with over three million records. The major goal of CrossRef is to become the complete reference-linking backbone for all scholarly literature available in electronic form. It became the first official DOI Registration Agency authorized by the International DOI Foundation (IDF) to allocate DOI prefixes, register DOIs, and provide the infrastructure to assist members in declaring and maintaining metadata and state data. A major system upgrade is underway that will improve its overall performance. Some of the remaining challenges include the need to increase the robustness of the system, the need to develop policies for the archiving of electronic content, and the need to clarify any misconceptions about the system. The author concludes by explaining that CrossRef is a means of discovering and accessing scholarly content online.
The Open Archives Initiative's Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) was designed to facilitate the discovery of distributed resources. In this article, the authors describe three innovative applications of this protocol: the GSAFD Thesaurus; the Digital Library Usage Logs, and the OpenURL Registry. The authors conclude that the OAI-PMH can be used as a mechanism to maintain state in distributed systems and the simple user interfaces can be implemented by the use of OAI-PMH requests and responses.
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